Biology and Biochemistry
Pharmacology
Cardiovascular system
Renal Systems
Respiratory Systems
Cerebral vascular system
Reproductive system
ECE
Musculoskeletal Systems
Transplantation
GI system
Ophthalmology

Biology and Biochemistry

1. Inhibitors of Endothelin. ML Webb et al. Medicinal Research Reviews, 1997 Jan, 17(1) 17-67.
2. Calcium antagonists and endothelial function: focus on nitric oxide and endothelin. T Godfraind et al. Cardiovascular Drug and Therapy, 1996 Sep, 10(4): 439-46.
3. Expression and signal transduction pathways of endothelin receptors in neuroendocrine cells. SS Stojilkovic. Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology, 1996 Jul, 17(3):327-69.
4. Endothelin receptors: receptor classification, novel receptor antagonists and potential therapeutic targets. EH Ohlstein et al. Medicinal Research Reviews, 1996 Jul, 16(4):365-90.
5. Endothelin peptides. Y Hirata. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension, 1996 Jan, 5(1):12-5.
6. Endothelin receptor heterogeneity, G-protein, and signaling via cAMP and cGMP cascades. M Sokolovsky. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, 1995 Oct, 15(5):561-71.
7. The development of potent peptide agonists and antagonists for the endothelin receptors. WL Code et al. Biopolymers, 1995 37(2):89-104.
8. Endothelin receptors and calcium signaling. DM Pollock et al. Faseb Journal. 1995 Sep, 9(12):1196-204.
9. Endothelins. ER Levin. New England Journal of Medicine, 1995 Aug 10, 333(6);356-63.
10. Endothelins: polyfunctional cytokines. MA McMillen et al. Journal of the American College of Surgeons. 1995 May, 180(5):621-37.
11. Endothelin receptor antagonism. TJ Opgenorth. Advances in Pharmacology, 1995, 33:1-65.
12. Endothelin receptor subtypes and their role in transmembrane signaling mechanisms. M Sokolovsky. Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 1995, 68(3):435-71.
13. Modelling the structures of the isoforms of human endothelins based on the crystal structure of human endothelin-1. RW Janes et al. Biochemical Society Transactions, 1994 Nov, 22(4): 1037-43.
14. Endothelin receptor antagonists: a brief review. S Moreland. Canadian Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology, 1994 Nov, 72(11):1469-71.
15. Endothelin in vascular biology. T Masaki. Ann N Y Acad Sci 714:101-108; 1994.
16. Endothelins. Biochemistry and pathophysiologic actions. CR Gandhi et al. Anesthesiology 80:892-905; 1994.
17. The structure and specificity of endothelin receptors: their importance in physiology and medicine. JP Huggins et al. Pharmacol Ther 59:55-123; 1993.
18. Natriuretic peptides exhibit specific receptors on cultured parathyroid cells linked to endothelin synthesis and release. FML De et al. J. Endocrinol Invest 15(9, Suppl 6):105-111; 1992.
19. Molecular and cellular biology of endothelin and its receptors ? Part II. TF Luscher et al. J Hypertens 11.121-126; 1993.
20. Molecular and cellular biology of endothelin and its receptors, 1992.? Part I. TF Luscher et al. J Hypertens 11.7-11; 1993.
21. Cellular signaling by endothelin peptides: pathways to the nucleus. MS Simonson et al. J Am Soc Nephrol 2(10, Suppl):S116-S125; 1992.
22. Endothelin: a new challenge. AM Doherty. J Med Chem 35:1493-1508; 1992.
23. Molecular characterization of endothelin receptors. T Sakurai et al. Trends Pharmacol Sci 13:103-108; 1992.
24. Effects of endothelin on cultured human and rat glomerular mesangial cells. M Simonson et al. Contrib Nephrol 95:1-11; 1991.
25. Tissue specificity of the endothelin-induced responses. T Masaki. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 17 Suppl 7:S1-S4; 1991.
26. Endothelin receptors cloned, endothelin converting enzyme characterized and pathophysiological roles for endothelin proposed. DJ Webb. Trends Pharmacol Sci 12:43-46; 1991.
27. Formation by the endothelium of prostacyclin, nitric oxide and endothelin. JR Vane et al. J Lipid Mediat 6:395-404; 1993.
28. Endothelin-induced vasoconstriction and calcium antagonists. TF Luscher et al. J Hum Hypertens 6 Suppl 2:S3-S8; 1992.
29. Endothelin peptides: biological activities, cellular signalling and clinical significance. J Leppaluoto et al. Ann Med 24:153-161; 1992.
30. Endothelin: a long-acting local constrictor hormone. WG Haynes et al. Br J Hosp Med 47:340-349; 1992.
31. Endothelin-1: a potent vasoactive peptide. VB Schini et al. Pharmacol Toxicol 69:303-309; 1991.
32. Endothelin. TF Luscher. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 18 Suppl 10:S15-S22; 1991.
33. Endothelin. PE Chabrier et al. Horm Res 34:169-174; 1990.
34. A new vasoconstrictor peptide, endothelin: profiles as vasoconstrictor and neuropeptide. T Shigeno et al. Cerebrovasc Brain Metab Rev 2:227-239; 1990.
35. Cellular mechanism of vasoconstriction induced by endothelin. T Masaki et al. Adv Second Messenger Phosphoprotein Res 24:425-428; 1990.

Pharmacology

1. Advances in clinical pharmacology and therapeutics: Endothelin. DE Newby et al. British Journal of Hospital Medicine, 1996 Oct 2-15, 56(7):360-4.
2. Editorial: endothelin-1, prostaglandin F2 alpha, and the corpus luteumby et al. British Journal of Hospital Medicine, 1996 Oct 2-15, 56(7):360-4.
3. Nitric oxide and endothelin in pathophysiological settings. TE Hunley et al. Pediatric Nephrology, 1995 Apr, 9(2):235-44.
4. Effects and mechanisms of action of endothelins on non-vascular smooth muscle of the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts. GA Rae et al. Regulatory peptides, 1995 Jan 5, 55(1):1-46.
5. Endothelin and endothelin antagonists: pharmacology and clinical implications. TF Luscher at al. Agents and Actions, Supplements, 1995, 45:237-53.
6. Endothelin-releasing stimuli and calcium antagonists in normal and pathological conditions. A Morganti et al. J Hypertens Suppl 12: S27-S31; 1994.
7. Endothelins. A potential target for pharmacological intervention in diseases of the elderly. H Levesque et al. Drugs Aging 4:221-237; 1994.
8. Inhibition of the pharmacological effects of endothelin. C Wilson et al. Prog Med Chem 31:371-410; 1994.
9. Is endothelin-induced vasoconstriction mediated only by ETA receptors in humans? AP Davenport et al. Trends Pharmacol Sci 15:9-11; 1994.
10. Endothelin: potential role in development and disease. V Kon et al. Pediatr Nephrol 7:876-880; 1993.
11. Do we need endothelin antagonists? TF Luscher. Cardiovasc Res 27:2089-2093; 1993.
12. Epithelioid angiosarcoma of the intestinal tract with endothelin-1-like immunoreactivity. K Watanabe et al. Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 423:309-314; 1993.
13. The molecular mechanisms of cardiovascular and renal regulation by endothelin peptides. MS Simonson et al. J Lab Clin Med 119:622-639; 1992.
14. Molecular and cellular mechanism of endothelin regulation. Implications for vascular function. T Masaki et al. Circulation 84:1457-1468; 1991.
15. Effects of the neuroimmune mediators, peptidoleukotrienes, endothelin, and interleukin-1 on intestinal ion transport. PL Smith. Ann N Y Acad Sci 664:260-274; 1992.
16. Endothelin: isoforms, binding sites and possible implications in pathology. WG Nayler. Trends Pharmacol Sci 11:96-99; 1990.
17. The endothelin explosion. A pathophysiological reality or a biological curiosity? [comment]. BJ Whittle et al. Circulation 81:2022-2025; 1990

Cardiovascular system
When preparing the peptide for use, please observe the following steps to maintain peptide quality:

1. Endothelium?dependent responses in congestive heart failure. PM Vanhoutte. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, 1996 Nov, 28(11):2233-40.
2. The role of endothelin in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. MC Kowala. Advances in Pharmacology, 1997, 37:299-318.
3. Endothelin-1: a scientist's curiosity, or a real player in ischemic heart disease? M Cesari et al. American Heart Journal, 1996 Dec, 132(6):1236-43.
4. The role of endothelin in coronary atherosclerosis. V Mathew et al. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 1996 Aug, 71(8):769-77.
5. A 1996 update on antihypertensive agents. JM Sullivan. Current Opinion in Cardiology, 1996 Sep, 11(5):496-500.
6. Is there a role for endothelin in the natural history of heart failure? JN Cohn. Circulation, 1996 Aug 15, 94(4):604-6.
7. Endothelin regulation of vascular tones. H Kanaide. General Pharmacology, 1996 Jun, 27(4):559-63.
8. Endothelin and blood pressure regulation. DJ Webb. Journal of Human Hypertension, 1996 Jun, 10(6):383-6.
9. Endothelin and endothelin antagonists: potential role in cardiovascular and renal diseases. G Noll et al. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 1996 Apr 12-26, 157 (1-2):259-67.
10. Clinical potential of endothelin receptor antagonists in cardiovascular medicine. CJ Ferro et al. Drugs, 1996 Jan, 51(1):12-27.
11. Endothelins as cardiovascular peptides. ER Levin. American Journal of Nephrology, 1996, 16(3):246-51.
12. Endothelin in congestive heart failure. MP Love et al. Basic Research in Cardiology, 1996, 91 Suppl 1:21-9.
13. Endothelin in chronic heart failure: current position and future propects. MP Love et al. Cardiovascular Research, 1996 May, 31(5):665-74.
14. Role of Endothelin in the regulation of vascular tone and blood pressure. DJ Webb et al. Contributions to Nephrology, 1996, 119:1-7.
15. The atherogenic potential of Endothelin. D Hasdai et al. Coronary Artery Disease, 1995 Nov, 6(11):901-4.
16. Endothelin and endothelin receptor antagonist: roles in cardiovascular health and disease. P Tamirisa et al. American Heart Journal, 1995 Sep, 130 (3 pt1):601-10
17. Endothelin in hypertension. EL Schiffrin. Current Opinion in Cardiology, 1995 Sep, 10(5):485-94.
18. Endothelium in hypertension. EL Schiffrin. Current Opinion in Cardiology, 1995 Sep, 10(5):485-94. risa et al. American Heart Journal, 1995 Sep, 130 (3 pt1):601-10.
19. Endothelin: potential role in hypertension and vascular hypertrophy. EL Schiffrin. Hypertension, 1995 Jun. 25(6):1135-43.
20. Endothelin-1 and the regulation of vascular tone. M La et al. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 1995 May, 22(5):315-23.
21. New developments in the understanding of cerebral vasoregulation and vasospasm: the endothelincology and Physiology, 1995 May, 22(5):315-23p, 130 (3 pt1):601-10(1-2):259-67.
22. Endothelins as regulators of vascular tone in men. WG Haynes. Clinical Science, 1995 May, 88(5):509-17
23. Local regulation of coronary circulation in health and disease: role of nitric oxide and endothelin. TF Luscher et al. European Heart Journal, 1995 May, 16 Suppl C:51-8.
24. Interactions of vasoconstrictor peptides: angiotensin II and endothelin, with vasodilatory prostaglandins. H Schramek et al. Seminars in Nephrology, 1995 May, 15(3):195-204.
25. Possible role of endothelin in endothelial regulation of vascular tone. T Masaki. Annual review of pharmacology and toxicology, 1995, 35:235-55.
26. Role of intrarenal endothelin in the generation and maintenance of hypertension. BA Markewitz et al. Mineral and Electrolyte Metabolism, 1995, 21(4-5):342-52.
27. Endothelin and vasoactive peptides: New cardiovascular mediators. JK Gwathmey et al. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 1994 Dec, 17(6):420-5.
28. Endothelin plasma levels in hypertensive patients with vascular disease. GH Neild. J Hypertens Suppl, 12:S17-S20; 1994.
29. Endothelins: new players in cardiovascular physiology and disease. JL Banasik. J Cardiovasc Nurs, 8:87-104; 1994.
30. Structural remodeling in hypertensive heart disease and the role of hormones. KT Weber et al. Hypertension, 23(6, Pt 2):869-877; 1994.
31. Endothelium in the control of vascular tone and growth: role of local mediators and mechanical forces. TF Luscher. Blood Press Suppl, 1:18-22; 1994.
32. Endothelium and the regulation of vascular tone with emphasis on the role of nitric oxide. Physiology, pathophysiology and clinical implications. GA Rongen et al. Neth J Med, 44:26-35; 1994.
33. Cardiovascular protection by estrogen: a hemodynamic mechanism? S Rozenberg et al. Int J Fertil Menopausal Stud 39 Suppl 1:36-42; 1994.
34. Control of the circulation by vasoactive mediators from endothelial cells. JR Vane et al. J Lipid Mediat Cell Signal 9:1-8; 1994.
35. Platelet-vessel wall interaction: role of nitric oxide, prostaglandins and endothelins. TF Luscher. Baillieres Clin Haematol 6:609-627; 1993.
36. The role of endothelin in the vessel wall. PE Chabrier. Baillieres Clin Haematol 6:577-591; 1993.
37. Role of endothelin in hypertension. BK Kramer et al. Clin Investig 72:88-93; 1994.
38. Role of endothelin in heart function in health and disease. LS Golfman et al. Can J Cardiol 9:635-653; 1993.
39. Circulatory responses to endothelin-1 and nitric oxide with special reference to endotoxin shock and nitric oxide inhalation. E Weitzberg. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl 611:1-72; 1993.
40. Endothelium-derived nitric oxide, endothelin, and platelet vessel wall interaction: alterations in hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis. FC Tanner et al. Semin Thromb Hemost 19:167-175; 1993.
41. Potential role of endothelin in hypertension. Controversy on endothelin in hypertension. TF Luscher et al. Hypertension 21(6, Pt 1):752-757; 1993.
42. Is endothelin involved in the pathogenesis of hypertension? PM Vanhoutte. Hypertension 21(6, Pt 1):747-751; 1993.
43. The potential role of endothelin as a vasoconstrictor substance in congestive heart failure. RJ Cody. Eur Heart J 13:1573-1578; 1992.
44. Endothelin and calcium dynamics in vascular smooth muscle. RF Highsmith et al. Annu Rev Physiol 54:257-277; 1992.
45. Cardiovascular effects of endothelin. K Goto et al. Jpn Circ J 56:162-169; 1992.
46. Role of EDRF and endothelin in coronary vasomotor control. DJ Stewart. Basic Res Cardiol 86 Suppl 2:77-87; 1991.
47. Role of endothelin in mechanisms of local blood pressure control. T Masaki et al. J Hypertens Suppl 8:S107-S112; 1990.
48. Endothelin: a new cardiovascular regulatory peptide. A Lerman et al. Mayo Clin Proc 65:1441-1455; 1990.
49. Endothelin, a novel endothelium-derived peptide. Pharmacological activities, regulation and possible roles in cardiovascular control. M. Yanagisawa et al. Biochem Pharmacol 38:1877-1883; 1989.
50. Does endothelin-1 mediate endothelium-dependent contractions during anoxia? PM Vanhoutte et al. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 13 Suppl 5:S124-S128; 1989. discussion S142.

Renal Systems

1. Endothelin in renal pathophysiology: from experimental to therapeutic application. TJ Rabelink et al. Kidney International, 1996 Dec, 50(6):1827-33.
2. Endothelin antagonists on the clinical horizon in nephrology. TJ Rabelink et al. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension. 1996 Sept, 5(5): 389-92.
3. Endothelins in the normal and diseased kidney. DE Kohan. American Journal of Kidney Diseases. 1997 Jan, 29(1):2-26.
4. Effects of an angiotensin?converting enzyme inhibitor, a calcium antagonist and an endothelin receptor antagonist on renal afferent arteriolar structure. K Skov et al. Hypertension, 1996 sep, 28(3):464-71.
5. Endothelin: What role in acute contrast nephropathy? P Gross et al. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, 1996 Sep, 11(9):1716-8.
6. Perspectives in endothelin research: tubulointestitial actions of endothelins in the kidney: roles in health and disease. AC Ong. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, 1996 Feb, 11(2):251-7.
7. Endothelin and endothelin antagonists: potential role in cardiovascular and renal diseases. G Noll et al. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, 1996 Apr 12-26, 157 (1-2):259-67.
8. Endothelin receptors in normal and diseased kidneys. P Nambi. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 1996 Apr 23(4):236-30.
9. Signaling pathways activated by endothelin stimulation of renal cells. EP Nord. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 1996 Apr 23(4):331-6.
10. Endothelin: renal tubule synthesis and actions. ED Kohan. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 1996 Apr, 23(4):337-44.
11. Role of Endothelin in the development of glomerulosclerosis. G Remuzzi. Kidney and Blood Pressure Research, 1996, 19(3-4):182-3.
12. Endothelin in diabetic kidneys. H Koide et al. Kidney International. Suppl, 1995 Sep. 51:S45-9.
13. Refining the role of endothelins in renal pathophysiology on the basis of selective and unselective endothelin receptor antagonist studies. A Benigni. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension, 1995 Jul, 4(4):349-53.
14. Endothelin in the progressive renal disease of glomerulopathies. A Benigni et al. Mineral and Electrolyte Metabolism, 1995, 21(4-5):283-91.
15. Role of intrarenal endothelin in the generation and maintenance of hypertension. BA Markewitz et al. Mineral and Electrolyte Metabolism, 1995, 21(4-5):342-52.
16. Endothelin in renal disease: role of endothelin antagonists (editorial). TF Luscher et al. Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, 1995, 10(2):162-5.
17. Endothelin in chronic renal failure [editorial]. K Takahashi et al. Nephron 66:373-379; 1994.
18. Renal adaptation to the failing heart. Understanding the cascade of responses. DJ Riley et al. Postgrad Med 95:141-6,149-50; 1994.
19. Renal function in patients receiving long-term cyclosporine therapy. BDH Van et al. J Am Soc Nephrol 4(8, Suppl):S17-S22; 1994.
20. Renal actions of endothelin: linking cellular signaling pathways to kidney disease. TA Marsen et al. Kidney Int 45:336-344; 1994.
21. Urinary endothelin: a possible biological marker of renal damage. ZA Abassi et al. Am J Hypertens 6:1046-1054; 1993.
22. Biological actions and pathophysiologic significance of endothelin in the kidney [editorial]. V Kon et al. Kidney Int 40:1-12; 1991.
23. Role of endothelin in glomerular injury. N Perico et al. Kidney Int Suppl 39:S76-S80; 1993.
24. Endothelin peptides and the kidney. MS Simonson et al. Annu Rev Physiol 55:249-265; 1993.
25. The possible role of endothelin in the process of progressive renal deterioration in experimental and human glomerulopathies. N Perico et al. Semin Nephrol 13:137-143; 1993.
26. Vascular endothelin and renal disease progression. N Perico et al. Contrib Nephrol 100:236-253; 1992.
27. An emerging role for endothelin in renal disease [editorial; comment]. PJ Shultz. J Lab Clin Med 119:448-449; 1992.
28. Cytosolic and nuclear signaling by endothelin peptides: mesangial response to glomerular injury. MS Simonson et al. Kidney Int 41:542- 545; 1992.
29. Regulation of NaCl transport by endothelin in renal tubules. K Tomita et al. Semin Nephrol 12:30-36; 1992.
30. Endothelin: an important factor in acute renal failure? JD Firth et al. Lancet 2:1179-1182; 1988.
31. Effects and mechanisms of action of endothelins on non-vascular smooth muscle of the respiratory, gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts. GA Rae et al. Regulatory peptides, 1995 Jan 5, 55(1):1-46.

Respiratory Systems

1. Phosphodiesterase inhibitors and endothelin as modulators of respiratory neurotransmission. LB Fernandes. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacology and Physiology, 1996 Oct-Nov, 23(10-11): 980-2.
2. Endothelin as inhibitors and endothelin as modulators of respiratory neurotransmission. LB Fernandes. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacolo
3. Endothelins and lung. JR Michael et al. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine., 1996 Sep, 154 (3 pt1): 555-81.
4. Epithelially derived endothelin and nitric oxide in asthma. PH Howarth et al. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology, 1995 May-Jun, 107(1-3):228-30.
5. Endothelin in cardiopulmonary disease: factor paracrine vs neurohumoral. DJ Stewart. Eur Heart J 14 Suppl I:48-54; 1993.
6. Endothelin: systemic arterial and pulmonary effects of a new peptide with potent biologic properties. TF Luscher. Am Rev Respir Dis 146 (5, Pt 2):S56-S60; 1992.
7. Endothelin peptides: biological actions and pathophysiological significance in the lung. JG Filep. Life Sci 52:119-133; 1993.
8. Endothelin and the respiratory system. DW Hay et al. Trends Pharmacol Sci 14:29-32; 1993.
9. Role of endothelin in pulmonary function. F Pons et al. Pulm Pharmacol 5:213-219; 1992.
10. Bronchopulmonary effects of endothelin. V Lagente et al. Clin Exp Allergy 20:343-348; 1990.

Cerebral vascular system

1. Endothelin peptide in brain diseases. XJ Nie et al. Reviews in the Neurosciences, 1996 July-Sep, 7(3):177-86.
2. Therapeutic effects of endothelin receptors antagonists in stroke. FC Barone et al. Neurological Research, 1995 Aug, 17(4): 259-64/
3. Endothelins and cerebral circulation. JB Salom et al. Cerebrovascular and Brain Metabolism Review. 1995 Summer, 7(2):131-52/
4. New developments in the understanding of cerebral vasoregulation and vasospasm: the endothelin?nitrix oxide network. H Ehrenreich et al. Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine, 1995 Mar-Apri, 62(2):105-16.
5. Endothelin, cerebral ischaemia and infarction. JL Reid et al. Clinical and experimental hypertension, 1995 Jan-Feb, 17(1-2):399-407.
6. Does endothelin-1 play a role in the pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm? F Cosentino et al. Stroke 25:904-908; 1994.
7. The effect of endothelin-1 on the cerebrovascular response to hypoxia and hypercapnia in the newborn. JV Aranda et al. Semin Perinatol 16:196-199; 1992.
8. Cerebrospinal fluid endothelin-1 and endothelin-3 levels in normal and neurosurgical patients: a clinical study and literature review. GE Kraus et al. Surg Neurol 35:20-29; 1991.