Toll-Like Receptor

Also called TLR signaling · pattern recognition receptor

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern-recognition receptors on innate immune cells that detect conserved microbial molecules (PAMPs). TLR activation triggers NF-κB and interferon pathways, initiating the innate inflammatory response. Thymosin α1 activates dendritic cells via TLR2 and TLR9; LL-37 can both activate and modulate TLR4 signaling depending on context.